Definition
- Acute renal failure is the sudden interruption of kidney function due to obstruction, reduced circulation or renal parenchyma disease.
- It is usually reversible with medical treatment otherwise may progress to end-stage renal disease(ESRD), uremic syndrome and death.
Causes
The causes of renal failure can be classified under
- PRE-RENAL CAUSES (60%-70%)
- Prerenal causes of AKI are factors external to the kidneys, and affect flow of blood to the kidneys
- Haemorrhage
- Renal loses (diuresis)
- Gastrointestinal loses (vomiting, diarrhoea, NG suction)
- Myocardial infarction
- Congestive heart failure
- Cardiogenic shock
- Sepsis
- Anaphylaxis
- INTRA-RENAL CAUSES (25%)
- Nephrotoxic Agents (Aminoglycosides, Heavy metals (lead, mercury) Arsenic, NSAIDs (Diclofenac), ACE inhibitors and contrast media
- Infections (Acute Glomerulonephritis, Acute pylonephritis)
- Prolonged renal ischemia resulting from transfusion reaction, haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell anaemia.
- Acute tubular necrosis is the most common cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) for hospitalized patients.
- POST-RENAL CAUSES(<10%)
- Renal calculi (stone)
- Tumors/cancers of the urinary tract
- BPH
- Strictures
- Blood clots
- Pregnancy
- Trauma (back, pelvis, perineum
- Spinal cord disease
- Neuromuscular disorders
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